This chapter addresses over one thousand years in the evolution of sustainability, from the fall of the Roman Empire until the Third Industrial Revolution, and demonstrates the broadening of the concept of sustainability regarding its scope, subjects and even its nature. It chronologically discusses how destabilization and chaos created opportunities for the emergence of a modified version of civilization, with newer sustainability concerns in Europe, and how this led to the Nachhaltigkeit. Indeed, sustainability in Europe in the Middle Ages was strongly shaped by the Carolingian and Capetian influences in the context of the emerging Italian Renaissance (Sect. 5.1), while sustainability in the New Age was significantly influenced by various styles in the management of properties owned by royals and aristocrats in Central Europe (Sect. 5.2). These endeavours culminated in the post-Hansa Germany and led to the famous Saxon Nachhaltigkeit (Sect. 5.3). However, once the First Industrial Revolution crossed the Channel and reached the continent, sustainability as Nachhaltigkeit became dramatically challenged, chiefly in its cradle, in Germany (Sect. 5.4). The Second Industrial Re volution era brought a consolidation and confirmation of the international and industrial expansion of the concept of sustainability (Sect. 5.5), which ultimately made its way into the modern European integration (Sect. 5.6).