Youth and Justice- Only a Boy

This chapter explores the complexities and contradictions within the youth justice system in England and Wales, particularly focussing on the age of criminal responsibility (ACR) using a case study as an example. Despite a significant decline in youth offending over the past decade, the system remains controversial due to its punitive approach, which often conflicts with developmental science and the welfare needs of young offenders. The chapter argues that children and adolescents, whose cognitive and emotional capacities are still maturing, should not be held to the same standards of accountability as adults. The influence of sociological factors, such as family dynamics and socio-economic conditions, further complicates the issue, as these external factors can significantly impact a young person’s behaviour. The chapter advocates for a “Child First” strategy, emphasizing the need to prioritize welfare and rehabilitation over punishment, thereby addressing the root causes of youth offending and reducing unnecessary criminalization.