An Overview of the Advances in Biological and Hybrid Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Developing Countries with Experience from Developed Countries

Refractory organic contaminants in significant amounts have recently entered wastewater treatment facilities from different sources. These contaminants are usually found in modest concentrations and have been dubbed “emerging contaminants” as they are recalcitrant to conventional biological treatments. These contaminants originate from different sources, including industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and agricultural runoff, and necessitate advanced treatments for their removal from the waste streams. Hence, hybrid treatment technologies work in conjunction with contemporary traditional treatment technologies that might serve the intended purpose of removing these contaminants of emerging concern. The present chapter dives deeply into understanding the various sources and types of emerging contaminants that enter wastewater treatment plants together with wastewater, and emphasis is given to the implications of these trace organic contaminants on the operation of conventional treatment systems. Special emphasis is given to the necessity of implementing alternative and sustainable hybrid technologies and present a brief overview of the latest state-of-the-art advancements in this field. This chapter addresses the current state of wastewater treatment, provides background information and an overview of the topics covered in this book. Furthermore, this chapter emphasises the necessity of a biological-hybrid treatment system for the efficient treatment of wastewater generated from various sources to preserve the water quality in the receiving water bodies and safeguard aquatic life.