GNSS Observation Models, Errors, and Biases

This chapter summarizes the necessary information to understand GNSS measurement and observation models and the methods of handling errors and biases. It introduces the underlying observation equations (models) for GNSS signals and signal propagation errors and various correction methods. Specifically, receiver and satellite antenna phase center modeling and other topics such as phase windup, atmospheric effects (ionosphere and troposphere), and Earth deformation effects on station coordinates are discussed. Such discussions are provided with the assumption that the reader is primarily interested in understanding the concepts applicable in achieving high precision for geodesy and similar applications. Pertinent references are provided as necessary for further background understanding.