Microplastic (MP) pollution has become a significant global environmental hazard. Wastewater has become an essential channel for introducing and spreading MPs into the ecosystem. The current investigations are aimed at comprehensively examining current knowledge on the sources, presence, fate, and potential impacts of MP contamination in wastewater plants from 76 peer-reviewed articles published globally from 2015 to 2024. The data extraction was performed using MS Excel. The review delves into the various sources of MPs in wastewater, including domestic and industrial inputs, and the shedding of MPs from synthetic textiles during laundry. The current review has analyzed the concentration, physical, and chemical characterization of MPs in wastewater plants. MPs’ abundances in the influent and effluent varied from 0.28 particles L−1 to 31,400 particles L−1 and 0.01 particles L−1 to 297 particles L−1, respectively. Fibers are found dominantly, possibly revealing the textile as the primary source of MPs. Blue, red, and black colors have been recorded as having significant compositions. In the size-wise classification, MPs having a size between 100 and 500 μm were recorded predominantly. This chapter reveals the possible ecological and human consequences of MP pollution in wastewater and the understanding of how aquatic organisms consume and accumulate MPs and their subsequent transfer through the food web. The results are essential for understanding the impacts of MPs on ecosystems and for devising effective mitigation strategies to maintain water quality and protect public health.