This chapter argues that (de)politicised religion lies at the heart of Turkey’s modernising project. Different approaches to this cleavage demarcated entire worldviews and political fault lines. Kemalist rule attempted a thorough depoliticisation of Islam in the early years of the Turkish Republic, institutionally embodied by the Directorate for Religious Affairs (Diyanet). In the following decades, various competing strategies of depoliticisation emerged, mainly from conservative and liberal currents as well as from ethnic and religious minorities. These represented widely divergent ideas about the character of the Turkish Republic, the nature of Islam, and the proper relationship between them. While these challenges proved too marginal to upset the Kemalist order of state-managed Islam, the attempt at repoliticisation by political Islamists from the 1990s onward proved more consequential. Under the AKP government, the state-controlled apparatus of depoliticised Islam, with its top-down processes, unwieldy nature, and low grassroots involvement was unable to resist political capture from above and was easily exploited for repoliticisation. Finally, this chapter examines the prospects for rejuvenated attempts at depoliticisation of religion in Turkey. With the exhaustion of grand designs for state-led social and cultural transformation, and unanswered questions about minority participation, it seems likely that political control of the religious administration will remain a contentious issue.