Up to now, the aviation industry approach has focused on four pillars of climate action: reducing fuel use (and CO2 emissions) through new technology and alternative fuels; improving operations of existing aircraft; and strengthening infrastructure. For all emissions that cannot be reduced through these pillars, global market-based measures could be used to offset the remaining emissions in order to meet the targets set by the industry. However, recent European legislative initiatives, Green Deal and Fit for 55, have inverted the focus of attention and made pricing and market-based instruments as one key element in the renovated European Union (EU) environmental policy. While other chapters of this book have dealt with technological or operational alternatives, following the new European attention to reinforced market-based measures, this chapter focusses on economic strategies for aviation decarbunization.