Enhanced Retention of Historical Information with Empathetic Pedagogical Conversational Agents (PCAs)

Embodied learning using extended reality (XR) technology can enhance learning and satisfaction during field trips to historical sites. This study evaluates the impact of Empathetic Pedagogical Conversational Agents (PCAs) on historical information retention within a simulated XR environment. PCAs employ verbal and nonverbal behaviors to attract attention, with variations in humorous versus serious tones. These behaviors can evoke emotions that motivate learning and influence cognitive processes. The study used facial expressions and eye tracking to measure the impact on the retention of historical information, comparing attention-grabbing PCAs (AG-PCA) with non-attention-grabbing PCAs (NAG-PCA). Results show that AG-PCAs triggered curiosity and positive emotions, but also some dislike, leading to better retention of historical information among NAG-PCAs, particularly among female participants. The study concludes with recommendations for designing PCAs and multimodal content to enhance historical information retention and learner satisfaction.