This paper reviews the development of Model-Driven Software Engineering (MDSE) from its origins to the present day. The paper discusses the components of models, modelling activities, and the challenges and open issues in MDSE. It reviews the adoption of modelling languages and their use in MDSE processes. Selected tool sets and frameworks are presented. The paper concludes with a review of the still unresolved relationship and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for software engineering, including MDSE, and the coming developments in the Internet of Collaboration for distributed MDSE. Throughout the paper, Tiziana Margaria’s research and dissemination contributions in these areas are highlighted.