Overview and Final Conclusions

This concluding chapter summarises the main arguments presented in this monograph. Overall, with sustainable development at the heart of ISDS reform in Africa, the MIC cannot become a desirable investment dispute resolution forum if the substantive and procedural guarantees in old-generation IIAs continue to apply in their vague and outdated form. Accordingly, the recommendations in this monograph present promising pathways to addressing crucial substantive and procedural law concerns within an MIC framework, making an MIC membership attractive not only to African states but nations worldwide seeking a more balanced and inclusive investment dispute resolution system.