A Review on Groundwater and Surface Water Interaction: Insight into Measuring Methods

Surface water and groundwater were analyzed as individual components in the past in a hydrological cycle, though they are interconnected throughout the process. Overutilization of aquifer water and surface water has attracted attention to their recent interaction studies. Both lateral and longitudinal flows are present in this interaction. Surface water seeps into the earth, replenishing subterranean aquifers, while groundwater seeps to the surface, providing stream base flow. It is essential to comprehend and measure the interchange occurring between stream water and groundwater from the perspective of sustainable water resource management. A fundamental grasp of these interactions is crucial in developing effective strategies for disaster and risk management studies. Comprehending how surface water and groundwater connect is essential for creating numerical models that effectively simulate scenarios. The present review emphasizes various numerical coupling models and strategies for estimating fluidities in the surface water and groundwater interface. The review underlines the limitations and advantages of fully coupled and loosely coupled models in understanding interactions on a regional scale.