Nuclear pollution in water systems represents a multifaceted environmental challenge with profound implications for human health. This paper provides a detailed examination of the sources, pathways, and diverse health effects associated with nuclear contamination in aquatic environments. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, this study elucidates the various sources of nuclear pollution, including nuclear accidents, industrial discharges, and improper disposal practices, which contribute to the proliferation of radioactive materials in water bodies. Furthermore, it explores the intricate mechanisms through which radioactive contaminants propagate through aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the processes of transport, deposition, and bioaccumulation. The intricate interplay between nuclear pollution and human health is dissected, highlighting the spectrum of health risks posed by exposure to radioactive contaminants in water. These risks encompass acute effects such as radiation sickness, as well as chronic consequences including an increased incidence of cancer, genetic mutations, and reproductive disorders. Moreover, the long-term persistence of radioactive isotopes in water systems presents enduring health threats, necessitating a nuanced understanding of the cumulative and synergistic effects on human populations.