Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte

Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte exercised leadership behaviour in all three crises and used a cooperative democratic leadership style except in the financial and debt crisis at the EU level when he used a cooperative coaching leadership style. All the domestic factors were constraining for him except in the Ukraine crisis. Both the democratic leadership style, which makes sure everyone is on board, and the coaching leadership style, which shifts consensus in the sense of sustainability, proved effective in the European Council.