This study provides background information on the potential for lithium production from geothermal fluids in Germany. Growing demand and dependence on poorly diversified overseas sources point toward the high strategic importance of domestic resources within Germany and the EU. Potentially lower CO2 emissions and reduced land use during lithium production are additional aspects that need to be considered in comparison to traditional mining. Based on the technology comparison for direct lithium extraction from geothermal fluids and the current state of geothermal energy production in Germany and the French part of the Upper Rhine Graben, different scenarios for the extractable amount of lithium carbonate were calculated. In the most optimistic scenario, taking into account all currently active wells, a maximum production of 7200 t/a of lithium carbonate equivalent can be expected. This could cover 5–19% of the annual demand of planned battery cell production in Germany. Key parameters for the process design are the usable volume fraction of the geothermal fluid and extraction efficiency. Considerable uncertainties still remain in assessing the scale and sustainability of cultivating this resource. To exploit the great potential of this technology, these key issues need to be addressed.