Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), also called Hughes syndrome, is an autoimmune disorder associated with arterial and vascular thrombosis, miscarriage and presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), and anti-B2 glycoprotein-1 (anti B2GP1) (Gomez-Puerta and Cervera, J Autoimmunol 48:20–25, 2014; Chaturvedi and McCrae, Blood Rev 31(6):406–417, 2017). Ocular manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome include retinal occlusive disease, neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, ischemic optic neuropathy, amaurosis fugax, and diplopia.