In recent years, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a global public health concern. Patients with CKD have a significantly higher risk of developing cognitive impairment compared to the general population, with glomerular filtration rate and albumin levels being associated with the development of cognitive decline. The high prevalence of cerebrovascular disease, as well as sleep disturbance, depression, polypharmacy, and distress, may also contribute to these associations. Initiation of dialysis appears to be beneficial for overall cognitive decline but not for more subtle chronic cognitive impairment. In contrast, kidney transplantation is useful in restoring cognitive function to a certain level and provides more benefits than dialysis. Traditional intervention strategies to improve cognitive function in patients with CKD on dialysis include physical exercise, promoting social support and mental stimulation. However, there is a need to develop interventions using new digital technologies to address cognitive impairment using mobile phones or other electronic devices.