This chapter evaluates the evolving definition of gender dysphoria and options for medical and surgical treatment. An overview of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) care and services highlights the varying models for gender-affirming care, as well as the multidisciplinary team approach. Additionally, chronic gender minority stress, which includes both internal and external factors, significantly contributes as the psychosocial well-being of TGD individuals. The chapter then delves into different options for both medical and surgical interventions, including hormone replacement therapy and various gender-affirming surgeries. We discuss the potential psychosocial impacts of these treatment options, while also emphasizing the current gaps in the research literature. By optimizing both physical and psychosocial health simultaneously, current care providers can practice a more patient-centered approach for gender-affirming care. Current opportunities for more nuanced understanding and guideline development include considerations for TGD youth, protective factors such as resiliency and social support, as well as distinctions between binary transgender and other gender-expansive identities.