In order to understand the collapse mechanism of masonry structures during earthquakes, a unidirectional mechanical vibration test was conducted on a full-scale perforated concrete brick building structure. The test revealed that the failure process of the structure under horizontal inertia force went through three stages of behaviors for the one-story brick-concrete structure: elasticity, wall cracking and slab slipping, wall collapsing. The wall cracked on the top, and the concrete slab begun to slip when the pedestal acceleration reached 3.10 m/s2. The longitudinal and transvers brick walls showed good interaction performance. They could still work together well with the slab until the pedestal acceleration reached 10.41 m/s2. The structure collapsed upon the wall perpendicular to the vibration direction lost its out-of-plane bending bearing capacity. To understand the spatial interaction among floor slabs, longitudinal and transverse walls, more full-scale structural shaking table tests should be conducted in future studies.