Surviving Under Stress: Exploring Zea mays Adaptive Responses to Cadmium Toxicity and Mitigation Strategies–A Review

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity poses a significant threat to Zea mays, disrupting its normal physiological functions and metabolic processes. This chapter summarises current studies on the sources of contamination, Cd intake mechanisms, and the effect of Cd toxicity on critical physiological systems in maize. It then thoroughly investigates Zea mays physiological and adaptive responses to Cd toxicity. The section outlines how Cd inhibits vital metabolic processes, such as photosynthesis and the absorption of nutrients uptake in maize plants, leading to a reduction in biomass, yield, and growth. The adverse impacts on plant growth and development are amplified by anatomical changes brought on by Cd exposure, such as modifications to the roots and leaves. Furthermore, a thorough examination of biochemical modifications is conducted, such as adjustments to protein composition, glucose metabolism, and amino acid levels. The chapter additionally examines how enzymatic activity responds to Cd stress, focusing on modifications in the activity of enzymes involved in antioxidants and metabolism. Under the influence of Cd toxicity, maize plants display a range of intricate adaptive responses. These include upregulation of genes linked to the production of ethylene and the synthesis of peptides that bind metals, such as phytochelatins. The study covers the effectiveness of several mitigation techniques employed to reduce Cd accumulation and improve Cd tolerance in maize crops. These techniques include microbial remediation, phytohormone administration, biostimulant treatments, and designed nanoparticles and mineral ions. With everything considered, this chapter offers insightful information about Zea mays physiological and adaptive responses to endure and mitigate the impact of cadmium toxicity. To ensure sustainable maize production and food security in areas polluted by Cd, it is essential to understand these mechanisms and create appropriate mitigation techniques.