Cadmium Toxicity and Defense Mechanism in Aquatic Macrophytes

Due to rapid industrialization and urbanization, a significant amount of cadmium is released into aquatic ecosystems. Cadmium (Cd) is a potentially toxic element affecting the whole ecosystem. The present chapter delves into the toxic impact of cadmium on aquatic macrophytes, offering insights into their physiological responses, oxidative stress, and toxicity at different biological organization levels. It also explores the intricate mechanisms by which the macrophytes combat Cd toxicity, through enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms. The chapter highlights diverse methods to modulate the adverse effects of Cd exposure simultaneously bolstering the macrophyte's capacity to endure and purge this heavy metal-induced stress. Understanding how macrophytes respond to Cd contamination is essential for developing strategies to remediate Cd-contaminated aquatic ecosystems. The chapter discusses the prospects how genetically modified macrophytes might provide effective strategies for improving Cd tolerance and defense mechanisms as well as their potential applications in phytoremediation of contaminated aquatic ecosystems or macrophyte-based wastewater treatment,