Epigenetics and its Role in Plant Evolution

Epigenetics is defined as a group of chemical modifications that occurs independently of alterations in the underlying DNA sequence and has the potential to alter gene expression. This field encompasses rearrangements within the DNA molecule, impacting its structure, organization, and associated proteins, ultimately leading to changes in gene activity. In plants, epigenetics stands as a foundational pillar of adaptability and resilience, which is achieved through the meticulous storage of information via information systems that translate into chemical modifications on DNA and histones, as well as the action of non-coding RNAs (Fig. 1.1). These epigenetic information systems operate in concert to regulate gene expression patterns, guiding cellular differentiation, controlling development, and fine-tuning responses to environmental signals (Vaschetto, 2015).