Effect of Stress on Reproduction and Reproductive Technologies in Male and Female, Beef and Dairy Cattle

Stress represents a significant factor influencing reproductive outcomes in beef and dairy cattle, impacting both natural reproductive efficiency and the outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies. This chapter reviews various stressors and their physiological impacts on cattle, with a focus on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis disruption, which can lead to irregularities in both the oestrus cycle and the semen quality, and, consequently, reduced fertility. The role of stress in altering the ovarian reserve, semen quality, and the timing of ovulation is examined. We also explore how stress compromises the efficacy of reproductive technologies such as artificial insemination, seminal evaluation, in vitro fertilization, and embryo transfer. Key interventions for mitigating stress effects, including environmental management, nutritional supplementation, and stress-reducing handling practices, are discussed. The integration of these management strategies has been shown to improve reproductive performance and the success rates of reproductive technologies in both beef and dairy herds. Our review highlights the need for a holistic approach to managing stress to enhance reproductive efficiency in cattle, providing a guide for producers to optimize both animal welfare and productivity.