Metabolic Modulation of the Immune-Neuro Axis: Insights into Psychoneuroimmunology

The field of immunometabolismImmunometabolism elucidates the intricate interplay between metabolic processes and immune responses, offering profound insights into psychoneuroimmunology—a discipline delving into the connections among the nervous system, immune system, and metabolism. Investigations spanning the last two decades reveal a compelling association between depressive disorders and systemic immunological activation, underscored by elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as CRPC-reactive protein (CRP), TNF, and IL-6. Concurrently, alterations in immune cells, including microglia and T cells, contribute to the neuroinflammatory landscape. The interconnected relationship between anxietyAnxiety, depression, and immunometabolismImmunometabolism is explored in this comprehensive overview. AnxietyAnxiety disorders exhibit varying inflammatory responses, impacting neural and systemic levels. Metabolic pathways, particularly involving mitochondria and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axisHypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, play crucial roles in anxiety pathophysiology. The presence of IL-17-producing γδ T cells in the meninges contributes to immune surveillance, influencing anxiety-like behaviors. DepressionDepression is associated with systemic immunological activation, altering inflammatory markers, immune cell ratios, and antibody levels. Metabolic dysfunctions in microglia, myeloid cells, and T cells, including mTOR and purinergic signaling, contribute to depressive disorders. The study of immunometabolismImmunometabolism unveils potential therapeutic strategies, providing insights into innovative treatmentsTreatment for anxietyAnxiety and depression.