This chapter examines the labour movement during the period of Ethiopia’s federal republic, which was established in a process that began with the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front’s military victory over the previous regime in 1991. The chapter discusses an initial, ultimately failed, attempt to revive an autonomous labour movement in the early-to-mid 1990s; the repression of this attempt by the ruling party and the state; and the decade of charade yellow unionism that followed. It also examines the most recent re-emergence of a buoyant and relatively autonomous labour movement, which became apparent in the 2010s. Finally, the situation and state of the movement as it appeared at the dawn of the 2020s is discussed.