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A landslide dam is a natural hazard that results from a landslide of any type whose runout and interaction with local topography and relief deposits it to form a barrier or dam that can hold back river water in the upstream region. The water held behind the dam forms a lake upstream and risks breaching at any moment due to the unconsolidated landslide material. When this dammed lake is breached, it increases the risk of flash floods called Landslide Lake Outburst Floods (LLOF) in the downstream region, posing significant risks to infrastructure and livelihood. LLOFs are prevalent hazards in mountainous regions globally, including the seismically active Himalayas. The northwestern Indian Himalayas (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand) are particularly susceptible to landslides and landslide dams due to weak, sheared bedrock and confined river valleys. This review critically evaluates the current knowledge on landslide dams in Uttarakhand, India. While paleo landslide dam and LLOF assessments are common, proactive monitoring and hazard mitigation strategies remain limited. Here, we comprehensively review historical and contemporary landslide dams in Uttarakhand, categorising existing research methodologies into past, present, and future studies. Past studies primarily focus on paleolakes formed after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and employ various dating techniques for reconstruction. The present studies discuss the landslide dams from 1857 to the present and analyse the most affected catchments, districts, months of occurrence, and the dominant landslide types. Future studies review the utilisation of geospatial technology, numerical modelling, and machine learning algorithms to determine the formation and stability of landslide dams. This comprehensive review of historical, ongoing, and future research on landslide dams in Uttarakhand sheds light on these dynamic natural threats. By deepening our understanding, we aim to empower the development of robust mitigation strategies, ultimately contributing to the enhanced disaster preparedness, risk reduction, and effective mitigation measures in the region.

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Landslide Dam Studies in Uttarakhand, India: Past, Present and Future

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  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Shivani Joshi,
  • Srikrishnan Siva Subramanian

摘要

A landslide dam is a natural hazard that results from a landslide of any type whose runout and interaction with local topography and relief deposits it to form a barrier or dam that can hold back river water in the upstream region. The water held behind the dam forms a lake upstream and risks breaching at any moment due to the unconsolidated landslide material. When this dammed lake is breached, it increases the risk of flash floods called Landslide Lake Outburst Floods (LLOF) in the downstream region, posing significant risks to infrastructure and livelihood. LLOFs are prevalent hazards in mountainous regions globally, including the seismically active Himalayas. The northwestern Indian Himalayas (Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand) are particularly susceptible to landslides and landslide dams due to weak, sheared bedrock and confined river valleys. This review critically evaluates the current knowledge on landslide dams in Uttarakhand, India. While paleo landslide dam and LLOF assessments are common, proactive monitoring and hazard mitigation strategies remain limited. Here, we comprehensively review historical and contemporary landslide dams in Uttarakhand, categorising existing research methodologies into past, present, and future studies. Past studies primarily focus on paleolakes formed after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and employ various dating techniques for reconstruction. The present studies discuss the landslide dams from 1857 to the present and analyse the most affected catchments, districts, months of occurrence, and the dominant landslide types. Future studies review the utilisation of geospatial technology, numerical modelling, and machine learning algorithms to determine the formation and stability of landslide dams. This comprehensive review of historical, ongoing, and future research on landslide dams in Uttarakhand sheds light on these dynamic natural threats. By deepening our understanding, we aim to empower the development of robust mitigation strategies, ultimately contributing to the enhanced disaster preparedness, risk reduction, and effective mitigation measures in the region.