The Psychology of the Self (Part 1): The Nafs and the Rûh

The exploration of the soul in Islāmic psychology focuses on the intricate concepts of nafs (self) and rûh (spirit), essential for understanding human nature in Islāmic thought. The nafs represents the individual’s psychological and spiritual dimensions, being the core of a person’s inner being. The nafs exists in different levels, reflecting the individual’s moral and spiritual conditions. Nafs al-Ammara Bissu’ is the base level, driven by desires and inclinations towards evil, commanding the person to indulge in sinful behaviours. Nafs al-Lawwāmah, the self-reproaching level, recognises moral shortcomings, leading to guilt and self-criticism, and a struggle towards righteousness. The highest level, Nafs al-Mutma’innah, represents spiritual tranquillity and contentment achieved through complete submission to God’s will. Disciplining the nafs is crucial in Islāmic teachings, involving self-control, repentance, and striving for moral and spiritual improvement through rigorous self-examination and religious adherence. Rûh, the divine spirit, is distinct from the nafs but closely related, giving life and consciousness to humans. Understanding the relationship between nafs and rûh is vital, as it dictates the overall spiritual and moral health of an individual, guiding them towards ultimate fulfilment and divine closeness.