Introduction to Echocardiography

Echocardiography has become a primary imaging modality for assessing cardiac anatomy in the clinical setting. Echo probes have come a long way in recent years, with even pocket-sized ultrasound units replacing large machines. This has created a ubiquity of these technologies in all clinical settings. By using 2D imaging, spectral Doppler and color flow Doppler (CFD), in addition to newer 3D imaging, echocardiography serves as an important tool for assessing cardiac function. In this chapter, we will discuss the differences between transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in addition to the basic principles of ultrasound. We will explore specific cardiac anatomy and normal findings on echo exams. Lastly, we will discuss how echocardiography can be applied to guide various cardiac device placements and procedures.