Anatomy and Physiology of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue is a central metabolic organ classified as white adipose tissue (WAT), composed primarily of white and beige adipocytes, and brown adipose tissue (BAT). In addition to its role in maintaining energy and metabolic homeostasis, adipose tissue also functions as an endocrine organ by secreting a wide range of adipokines and other undetermined or less characterized bioactive factors. Non-adipocyte components within adipose tissue, such as immune cells, innervation, and extracellular matrix (ECM), play crucial roles in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis, affecting adipogenesis and the functional state of adipocytes. Adipose tissue depots are widely distributed throughout the body and exhibit unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Intra-depot heterogeneity is also observed. An overview of the physiological and anatomical characteristics of adipose tissue is provided in this chapter to offer readers a comprehensive understanding of this complex essential tissue.