An Experimental and Optimization of Bio-Based Polyurethane Foam for Low-Velocity Impact: Towards Futuristic Applications

This study endeavors to assess the load-varying capacity and energy absorption potential of bio-based polyurethane foam (PUF) fortified with nanofillers of varying ratios for low-velocity impact testing. Carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC), magnesium oxide (MgO), and bamboo charcoal (BC) nanofillers were incorporated into a poly vinyl-alcohol (PVA) – borax polymer slime matrix via stirring and agitation, then applied onto the bio-based PUF using the dip coating technique. The structural integrity and uniformity of the samples were meticulously investigated utilizing a cutting-edge high-resolution scanning electron microscope (HR-SEM). Drop tests were conducted on the samples under fixed weight and height conditions, with resulting values recorded. These data were subsequently analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the optimal nanofiller ratio for maximum low-velocity impact (LVI) absorption. The study revealed that the optimal LVI value attained was 1.894 J for the composition comprising 0.5wt.% of CMC, 2wt.% of MgO, and 25wt.% of BC. These findings underscore the potential of bio-based PUF filled with nanofillers as a versatile material applicable in various domains, including automotive bumpers for mitigating damage from low-speed impacts, as well as in sports equipment, furniture, and construction, where impact absorption and cushioning properties are paramount.