Integrating Sustainability with Treatability for Bisphenol a (BPA) Removal from Tap Water
摘要
The objective of this study is to integrate sustainability with photochemical treatability results obtained for bisphenol A (BPA; 2 mg/L), that was selected as the model endocrine disrupting chemical and micropollutant. In this context, BPA was subjected to photochemical treatment with UV-C-assisted sodium percarbonate (SPC), sodium persulphate (SPS) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) in tap water (dissolved organic carbon content = 5.0 mg/L; pH = 7.3). The target was to completely remove BPA from tap water under sustainable reaction conditions. Chemical and energy consumptions are used for life cycle assessment (LCA) in order to evaluate the environmental impact of complete photochemical BPA removal using ISO 14040 and 14044 guidelines, GaBi version 7.3 software and the background data obtained from the Ecoinvent 3.1 Database. The system boundaries cover chemical and energy production using Turkish grid electricity. The functional unit is defined as “1 m3 treated wastewater”. Hence, environmental impacts are shown based on the basis of the mentioned functional unit. The environmental impacts are not significantly influenced from chemical production. Energy input together with transportation or one of them dictate the environmental impacts. The results indicate that the lowest unwanted environmental impacts are obtained when 6.8 mg/L HP is used with an energy consumption of 1.154 kWh per m3 of tap water.