Employing Nano-Extracellular Vesicles (NEVs) as a Potent Therapy in Ameliorating Bone Loss in Osteoporosis

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane-bound, nanoscale vesicles that play an essential role in intercellular communication by facilitating the translocation of their molecular cargoes (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids). EVs have a crucial role in maintaining both physiological and pathological conditions. They are now being utilized as a potential non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic tool for various diseases. In recent years, EVs have garnered attention in the field of bone biology. Numerous studies have demonstrated that EVs from bone cells (osteoclast, osteoblast and osteocytes) control bone remodelling via various signaling pathways. Dysregulation of the bone-remodelling process leads to bone loss and poor recovery in case of bone injuries and disorders. Osteoporosis is one such bone disease characterized by low bone mineral density, and poor bone quality leading to elevated risk of fragility fractures. Studies have shown that an impaired bone remodelling cycle in osteoporosis leads to dysregulated EV secretion from bone cells that may further aggravate the disease progression. Moreover, EVs have shown immense potential as biomarkers or therapeutic modalities for osteoporosis diagnosis and management. Here, we summarize the most recent developments in using EVs as potential theragnostic tool for osteoporosis. Additionally, we provide an overview of the limitations and future of EVs in the management and treatment of osteoporosis.