Under Austrian Protection, with Austrian Passports: Czartoryski and Zamoyski on a Path to Emigration

When Czartoryski left Warsaw in August 1831 and joined the army led by Girolamo RamorinoRamorino, Girolamo (a general originally from Genoa who had joined the uprising as a volunteer), the military situation may not have looked favourable, but the prince was still far from admitting defeat, let alone thinking about emigration. From his letters to his wife, Anna ZofiaCzartoryska, Anna Zofia (née Sapieha) (née Sapieha), it is clear that Czartoryski still hoped for a turnaround. Unlike Czartoryski, Władysław Zamoyski did not immediately depart for the West after the defeat of the uprising. Although returning to the Kingdom of Poland was not an option, he hesitated with emigration. Zamoyski considered joining the Austrian army while his uncle urged him to join their cause abroad. With a certain amount of sorrow but determination to work on the future restoration of the independent homeland, Zamoyski finally decided to head west. Interestingly, both men travelled West with Austrian passports.