Materials science and engineering is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the study of the relation between the structure and the property of materials. Coming from historical roots in ancient metallurgy, the field today encompasses a vast range of different materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. Fundamentally, material science is a study in which the link between synthesis and processing methods, the structure, and the properties of materials is identified. One of the principal goals is to relate macroscopic properties to those at the atomic- and molecular-level. A crystallographic (or crystal structure) perspective illustrates how atoms are stacked in crystalline solids, and is critical to understanding the relationship between the structures of materials and the resultant properties. Materials are categorized based on how they behave. The need for newer, more advanced materials has led to the idea of designing and customizing the properties of materials to meet specific requirements or needs. The above interplay between microstructure development and resulting properties, and processing techniques, is also necessary in materials science. It has enabled a vast array of innovative materials applications from aerospace to healthcare. By including theory, characterization, and application while taking a complete view, materials science continues to radically transform countless technological fields and is innovations that continue to shape our world.