Endocannabinoid System as an Important Cross-Talk Mechanism Related to Neurosciences and Psychiatry

The endocannabinoid system is one of the principal constituents of pathways involved in many physiological and mental functions. This system is composed of endogenous cannabinoids (endo-cannabinoids), their receptors, and enzymes that are involved in their degradation and biosynthesis. This system is also activated by exogenous cannabinoids derived from Cannabis Sativa, which has been used for several thousands of years recreationally or for its medical properties. In this chapter, we will review the functions of this system as well as the clinical endocannabinoid deficiency (CECD) theory. The relationship between this system and depression, psychosis, epilepsy, stress, drug addiction, and a possible role of the endocannabinoid system in the cross-talk between neuropsychiatric disorders and probiotics will be also reviewed. This chapter puts the idea forward that the function of endocannabinoid signaling represents a significant mechanism of many physiological and pathological processes. We conclude that this system can be considered a potential target for future research about many mental disorders.