Many neuro-ophthalmic and neurological disorders can lead to irreversible neurodegenerationNeurodegeneration, thereby impacting the visual pathways at various levels, from the retinaRetina to the visual cortex. Optical coherence tomography (OCTOptical Coherence Tomography (OCT)), particularly 3-D structural eye scans of the retinaRetina and optic nerveOptic nerve head, have recently described various abnormalities associated to neurodegenerationNeurodegeneration. However, interpreting these scans require significant expertise, time and resources. Alternatively, recent advances in artificial intelligence methods applied to OCTOptical Coherence Tomography (OCT) scans present immense potential for detecting a wide range of neurological diseases that directly or indirectly affect the visual pathways. In this chapter, we will discuss a range of AI-based methods for diagnosisDiagnosis, prognosis, and screening, specifically focusing onOptic Neuritis (ON) the use of OCTOptical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images in various neurological disorders. These disorders encompass a wide range, including, but not limited to, multiple sclerosisMultiple Sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s diseaseAlzheimer’s disease, glaucomaGlaucoma, and papilledema.