Psychoneuroimmunology and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Tye 2 Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an oxidative stressOxidative stress disorder which has many complications. Psychoneuroimmunology refers to the recent field of science developed over the last few decades. It deals with the interaction of the central nervous, peripheral nervous system, endocrine system, and the immune system. Hormones, neuropeptides, different neurotransmitters and vagus nerve take part in the regulation of the immune system. During stressStress, various hormonesHormone like cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released. The action of the vagus nerve on various receptors, sending of signals to the brain, release of cytokines, and the response to the immune system are the chain of events that occur in the body. While considering the psychoneuroimmunology aspect of any disease, it may be important to understand the brain and its effect on the immune system. Psychoneuroimmunology plays an important role in oxidative stressOxidative stress related diseases like T2DM, which alters the innate immunity. Inflammatory changes are common in oxidative stressOxidative stress diseases such as T2DM and this may result in insulinInsulin resistance (IR). Control of stressStress and stressStress related hormonesHormone may be beneficial in controlling the blood glucose level through activation of various pathways. In the present chapter, we discuss the immune system, obesityObesity, role of inflammation in T2DM, and the different receptors and pathways which may help in better understanding and treatmentTreatment of insulinInsulin resistance.