Effects of Pesticides and Plastics on Soil Microbiome

Intensive agriculture relies heavily on external inputs to achieve high productivity and profitability. One commonly used input is plastic mulch, predominantly made from low-density polyethylene (LDPE), which helps reduce evaporation, increase soil warmth, and inhibit weed growth. However, improper cleanup of LDPE mulch leads to soil pollution. Additionally, the traditional use of pesticides in agriculture exacerbates the accumulation of residues in the superficial soil layers. The presence of plastic and chemical residues in agricultural lands can significantly impact on crop sand environments, ultimately affecting geo-micro-biomes. Pesticides are increasingly used on arable land to mitigate pest impacts on crop productivity. However, these unregulated farming practices alter soil characteristics, posing risks to soil micro-fauna, including beneficial bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. These microorganisms play crucial roles in biodegradation, nutrient recycling, nitrogen fixation, plant growth promotion, and disease regulation. The negative effects of pesticides on soil micro-biota can significantly alter soil properties, reducing crop growth and yield. Different pesticides, such as pyrethrins, pyrethroids, carbamates, organochlorines, and organophosphates, affect various microorganisms differently. Understanding the impact of pesticides on microbial populations and metabolic transformation mechanisms is imperative. This chapter reviews the effects of pesticides and micro-plastics on microbial development and activity, highlighting the importance of fostering soil microbial growth for a robust agricultural ecosystem. It explores methods to create a sustainable agro-ecosystem that supports beneficial soil microorganisms while minimizing the use of agrochemicals and pesticides.