Pampulha Lake is an urban lake located in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, that is part of a modern ensemble considered one of the main tourist attractions in the city. The ensemble was nominated as a UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Site in 2016. Despite its cultural and recreational relevance to the local population, Pampulha Lake has suffered from anthropogenic pollution, which has led to water quality impairment over time. Once used for water supply, the lake became eutrophic due to domestic sewage and industrial wastewater discharge in its main tributaries, thus showing recurrent algae blooms and contamination by potentially toxic metals. This study provides the first broad assessment of the occurrence of pesticides and emerging contaminants such as pharmaceutical drugs, personal care products, and hormones in different regions of the lake. Seasonality affected the concentration of several contaminants, such as atrazine, simazine, and caffeine. Spatial variations were also observed for target contaminants, indicating possible sources related to anthropic activities. Risk assessment indicated that imidacloprid and fipronil detected in Pampulha Lake have the potential to threaten aquatic life. Hence, a monitoring plan is needed to identify the main sources of pollution and provide information to support decision-making on remediation strategies.