The chapter focuses on the antenatal factors which contribute to CP. There is accumulating evidence that various antenatal factors carry a predisposition for CP. As such, pregnancy is an ideal opportunity to assess foetal factors that elicit newborn outcomes. The majority of these factors are largely derived from sonographic assessment which we introduce where applicable. We begin by discussing the history of brain injury and CP. We then proceed to outline the various antenatal aetiologic factors of the term neonate focusing on hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and its distinction from neonatal encephalopathy after which we will discuss ongoing investigations for prevention of these entities. We will then shift gears and focus on entities that disproportionately affect preterm neonates such as respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular haemorrhage and ischaemia. We then explore other aetiopathologies including perinatal infection, foetal growth restriction, multifoetal pregnancy, preeclampsia, congenital malformation, the role of the placenta and end with a discussion of placental metabolomics. A specific focus will be the inextricable link between antenatal sonographic assessment and obstetric clinical diagnosis of the aforementioned risk factors.