Fundamentals of Battery Chemistry

Zinc-sulfur (Zn–S) batteries present a compelling, sustainable alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries, offering significant advantages in terms of cost-efficiency, safety, and environmental sustainability. Leveraging readily available materials such as zinc and sulfur, Zn–S batteries demonstrate high theoretical capacities, making them wellsuited for a wide range of energy storage applications. However, key challenges, including sulfur's inherent low conductivity, zinc corrosion, and limited cycle life, must be addressed to enhance their performance and viability. This chapter provides a detailed examination of the electrochemical fundamentals and the core reactions in Zn–S batteries, emphasizing their potential for scalable, efficient energy storage solutions.