This chapter delves into the multifaceted realm of functional materials and composites, exploring their pivotal role in combating viral spread, particularly amid the COVID-19 pandemic. With a focus on antiviral and antimicrobial applications, the discussion navigates through innovative approaches ranging from the development of functional composites with inherent virucidal properties to the upcycling of COVID-19-related waste into functional materials. The integration of antiviral and antimicrobial agents into various substrates, including personal protective equipment (PPE), medical devices, and surface coatings, emerges as a crucial strategy in inhibiting pathogen transmission. Furthermore, the utilization of upcycled waste materials, such as plastics from discarded face masks, showcases a sustainable approach toward curbing viral spread while addressing environmental concerns. Through a comprehensive examination of these approaches, this chapter highlights the potential of functional materials and composites in fostering a safer and more resilient society in the face of infectious disease outbreaks.