Design and Evaluation of Modified Distance Based Energy Efficient Extended Stable Election Protocol: EE-ESEP

With the extensive growth of wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, it is highly required to design energy-efficient (EE) routing solutions for the next generation of WSNs to improve the network's lifetime. In this series, many extended modified versions of the Stable Election Probability (SEP) protocol have been developed. This paper proposes a new EE version of the extended SEP (ESEP) protocol, considering the threshold sensitivity. The heterogeneous node distribution and network energy are modified, and factors are optimally tuned to improve the overall network lifetime. Additionally, the modified absolute distance is proposed for the clustering process. The half ratio of the node scaling is considered for higher-energy nodes. The paper evaluated three cases of the proposed EE-ESEP routing protocol, showing a continuous improvement in the stability period. It is found that the proposed method has an improvement of around 68% over SEP and 11% over TSEP.