Location, Physiography, and Atmospheric Hazards

The location of Iraq has given it diverse natural characteristics and ecosystems. The climate varies according to the type of terrain, which ranges between high mountains, folds, plains and plateaus, and this diversity is reflected in the flora and plant diversity. Among the most prominent trees in Iraq is the palm tree, which is widely spread in the fertile areas along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers spread across central and southern Iraq. Unique plants, such as reeds and papyrus, have also adapted to the marshlands and swamps south of Iraq. As for tamarisk trees, they are common in Sabkhas, while thorny plants are widespread in desert areas. Iraq is also home to diverse wild animals such as deer, wild boars and various types of local and migratory birds. Although the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow from north to south in Iraq, forming fertile plains for agriculture that played a significant role in the emergence of ancient civilizations, the environment suffers from anthropogenic challenges such as habitat destruction, deforestation, and drying up of wetlands, in addition to natural challenges such as dryness sand and dust storms that occur frequently during the summer months, causing bad weather and harming human health and crops. The current droughts and water scarcity in Iraq represent a significant environmental challenge affecting agriculture, ecosystems, and human livelihoods.