Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a rapid-onset systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can have a potentially fatal outcome. It is caused by the release of preformed mediators and de novo synthesis of mediators from mast cells and basophils, typically mediated by IgE. In childhood, the most common triggers for anaphylactic reactions are foods, followed by drugs. Clinical manifestations may occur with certain evocative symptoms preceding the onset of the classic symptoms, which affect the skin or mucosa, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, and may contribute to the onset of neurological symptoms. The diagnosis of anaphylaxis is based on clinical criteria. Treatment involves promptly recognizing the signs and symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction and rapidly administering intramuscular adrenaline, which is the preferred first-choice drug due to its speed and effectiveness. Auto-injectors are preferable for easy use in patients who have received appropriate training. Antihistamines are only useful in treating skin symptoms, such as hives and itching. Corticosteroids are recommended for treating shock and asthma, along with inhaled beta-2-agonists. It is important to note that after the initial medical intervention, anaphylactic reactions often require immediate hospitalization to optimize therapy and monitoring. This is necessary to assess any protracted or biphasic response that, although infrequent, can still pose a life-threatening risk to the patient.