Resilience, Resistance, and Atmosphere: Bounding the Wooden Churches of the Carpathians
摘要
By taking advantage of the lens of Continental philosophic traditions, the analytic artifact-dominated forms of past historical pedigree that have steered heritage conservation may be complimented by qualitative forms of methodology. Utilizing thinking on temporal aspects of materiality, architectural change, and religious and commonplace praxis that gains meaning from embodiment, these intersubjective and uniquely subjective ethereal aspects offer new and overlooked ways of expanding architectural value and architecture’s role in helping create and maintain one’s sense of place and identity. This paper broadly outlines how these forms of understanding may be used as a method via the example of the wooden churches of the Eastern Carpathian Mountains in the Republic of Slovakia. Today in the Slovak Republic over fifty wooden churches, some over three hundred years old, are examples of resistance, having survived the physical and social effects of World Wars, socialism, capitalism, and temporal microclimate grasp upon their organic materiality. With Slovak independence, they now feature prominently on tourist websites and have also become new symbols of a resilient national identity. While these structures have previously garnered critical recognition as outstanding vernacular architecture (Magocsi and Zapletal, Wooden Churches in the Carpathians. Braumüller 1982; Buxton, The Wooden Churches of Eastern Europe: an introductory survey. Cambridge University Press, 1981) or National and UNESCO World Heritage Sites (Dudáš et al., Adapt Behav, 29(1), 73–88 2007), and while a nascent heritage tourism has developed, there has not been an approach to looking at them in this manner to add value to their recognition. This different embodied aesthetic engagement may be mapped across an index of modes of immanence: specific embodiment (Damasio, The Felling of What happens: body and emotion in the making of consciousness The Felling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in teh Making of Consciousness. Harcourt, 1999; Johnson and Lakoff, Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. Basic Books, 1999), such as from the tourist’s flattened gaze upon material forms to the worshiper’s immersion in a state of saturated phenomena (Marion Being given: toward a phenomenology of givenness (J Koskey, Trans.). Stanford University Press., 2004a; The hermeneutics of revelation. Kearney R (ed), Debates in Continental Philosophy: Conversations with Contemporary Thinkers. Fordham University Press, pp 15–31. https://doi.org/10.5422/fso/9780823223176.003.0002 , 2004b), recognizing an atmosphere that extends beyond constructed object (Böhme and Borch, Architectural Atmospheres, Burkhäuser, 2014; Griffero, Atmospheres. Aesthetics of emotional spaces. Routledge, 2014), via affect (Massumi, The Autonomy of Affect. Cultural Critique, autumn, 1995, no. 31. University of Minnesota Press, pp 83–109. https://doi.org/10.2307/1354446 , 1995), manifest from specifics of affordances (Gibson, The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1979) and within the topography, village location, landscape, processional paths, and care for grounds and cemeteries, establishing a deeper understanding of place (Donohoe, Place and phenomenology. Rowman & Littlefield, 2017; Casey, Getting back into place. Indiana University Press, 1993, The fate of place. University of California Press, 1998; Norberg-Schulz, Genius Loci: toward a phenomenology of architecture. Rizzoli, 1980). These insights reveal the depth of care, despite subsistence lifeways, that local communities have maintained for the place, and why the buildings, constructed by local craftspersons, continued with renewal through local artisans due to their specific value to faith and families across generations. Considering twentieth-century village change, while increasingly architectural conservation work is carried expert restoration specialists, and expert judgment constitutes authenticity as structures, these insights aid in recognition of the network of complexities of built heritage situations.