Cardiac Monophasic Action Potentials: Endocardial, Epicardial, and Transmural Recordings

Monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were first recorded in the late 1800s. Through continuous innovation, these signals can now be safely recorded from intact hearts in a clinical setting. When high-quality MAP waveforms are obtained, they can be interpreted as a representation of the underlying transmembrane action potential morphology. Through analysis of MAP waveform morphology, these signals can be utilized in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, specifically those impacting repolarization pathways.