Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD)

Ventricular septal defect (VSDVentricular septal defect (VSD)) is the most common congenital cardiac defect, found in 25–30% of all congenital heart diseaseCongenital heart disease. VSDsVentricular septal defect (VSD) vary in location, size and number, and can be associated with additional intra and extra cardiac anomalies. Muscular VSDsMuscular VSD are commonest, but perimembranous VSDsPerimembranous VSD are the commonest variant needing surgical closure. The need for intervention depends on the size and location of the VSDVentricular septal defect (VSD). Small VSDsVentricular septal defect (VSD) that might close spontaneously are treated conservatively. Large VSDsVentricular septal defect (VSD) usually require closure in the first 6 months of life to manage heart failureHeart failure. Moderate size VSDsVentricular septal defect (VSD) are closed if associated with significant increased pulmonary blood flow, complications such as aortic insufficiency or double chambered right ventricleVentricles. Untreated large VSDsVentricular septal defect (VSD) can lead to development of pulmonary hypertensionPulmonary hypertension. Outcomes of surgical VSDVentricular septal defect (VSD) closure are generally good with low perioperative mortality and excellent long-term survivalSurvival. Hybrid and interventional therapies are availableOutlet VSD in selected cases.