Pulmonary Stenosis

Pulmonary stenosisPulmonary Stenosis is a common form of congenital heart diseaseCongenital heart disease. It often occurs in isolation or in association with geneticGenetics disease and identified syndromes, including Noonan syndromeNoonan Syndrome, Williams or Alagille syndromes. The lesion exists along a spectrum of severity, from trivial to critical. As such, the clinical presentation and natural history are dependent on disease severity and associated lesions, such as the presence of an atrial-level communication. Echocardiography is the imaging modality of choice with more advanced imaging (e.g., cardiac magnetic resonanceCardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) or cardiac catheterization) rarely required for diagnostic purposes. When indicated, the intervention of choice is balloon dilation, with surgical valvotomy reserved for specific circumstances such as multi-level obstruction or the presence of a significantly dysplastic pulmonary valve. The long-term prognosis for mild untreatedVavuloplasty disease or treated moderate or severe disease is generally excellent.