In this chapter, we discuss the importance of transgenic models in Alzheimer disease research. The clinical classification and symptoms of Alzheimer disease are also described, and then a polarised-optical analysis of the three components of Alzheimer disease (amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid angiopathy) is performed with various topo-optical reactions, the Gallyas silvering reaction and the Campbell–Schwitzer silvering reaction. To demonstrate the birefringence of amyloid plaques and neuropil and neurofibrillary tangles, the intracellular localisation of amyloid was detected via Congo-red staining following the Gallyas silvering reaction. All three components inhibited congophilia and birefringence with pretreatment consisting of potassium permanganate/performate, but similarly combined treatments (trypsin or pronase digestion) are ineffective. Next, polarisation-optical, fluorescence-optical and confocal laser-scanning fluorescence microscopic analyses of isolated and cultured Alzheimer fibres were performed. By removing the glycosaminoglycan components (heparinase, hyaluronidase and chondroitinase A + C and B) and after digestions, we demonstrated the birefringence of the protein; the sign was unchanged, linear positive; and the oriented binding of Congo-red dye molecules was increased. We also analysed Lewy bodies and amyloidomas in the brain and corpora amylacea with various topo-optical and immunohistochemical reactions.