This entry examines the academic biography, scholarly contributions, and impact and relevance of Stephen Jay Gould. Gould (1941–2002) was a Harvard paleontologist and evolutionary biologist known originally for his work on the theory of punctuated equilibrium (Eldredge and Gould, Models in paleobiology. Freeman, Cooper and Company, 1972). In addition, Gould published several hundred popular essays, mostly in the Natural History periodical and in popular book collections of essays. However, for the purposes of this encyclopedia entry, the focus will be on Gould’s work that is most significant and relevant to psychology, especially theory. Thus, this entry emphasizes Gould’s work arguing against scientific racism and sexism and methodological errors such as in psychometrics (e.g., Mismeasure of Man, 1981), his work disputing the more extreme deterministic sociobiology and evolutionary psychology views (such as those of E.O. Wilson), and Gould’s role as a public intellectual advocating for science, especially his anti-creationism activities (e.g., on nonoverlapping magisteria).